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Canaanites, Israelites, Jews and Israelis

This article is based on the idea, expressed in Israel Finkelstein's & N.A. Silverman's book The Bible Unearthed, that the Israelites were never slaves in Egypt, that they were inhabitants of the Land of Canaan since the earliest times of their history. The Land of Canaan (as the Land of Israel is today) was always affected by changes of climate depending on the amount of rains that fell there in winter. It could be fertile and lush with growth, both wild and cultivated, or it could go through periods of severe drought. In such periods, it was a common practice for its inhabitants to go "down" to Egypt, where the river Nile flowed continually, and there was enough produce to be saved for harder times. They never stayed for long, going back to their own land as soon as they were able to. In some periods of that ancient history, the Land of Canaan was also under Egyptian rule; Egyptian culture, then, was never far from the reach of the inhabitants of Canaan, without their need to be enslaved in that country.

The land of Canaan stretched on a narrow strip of land along part of the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea bordering in the east by river Jordan. It reached in the north to the environments of the modern river Litani to include the best known Canaanite (later called Phoenician) towns of Tyre and Sidon; in the south it was bordered by the Negev desert and the Sinai Peninsula, mostly under the rule of Egypt. The Canaanites are assumed to have been the inhabitants of the Land of Canaan, but it is difficult to say which name came first, that of the people or that of the land.

The Canaanites were a Semitic people speaking a Semitic language. There is a general assumption by scholars that all Semite peoples originally came from Arabia, scattering into Mesopotamia – Iraq of today which borders in the south on the northern part of Arabia – and the eastern bank of river Jordan, to create lands of Amon, Mo'av and Edom. They moved northward into what is today Syria and Lebanon, and from there southward into the Land of Canaan. Before the advent of the Semites, Mesopotamia was inhabitant by the non-Semitic people of Sumer, whose place was taken by the Semitic Accadians, later appearing in history as Assyrians and Babylonians. These peoples have occasional aspirations of expanding, assuming many times through their historical existence a rule over the Land of Canaan.

It is the contention of the authors of the above mentioned book that the Israelites were a branch off the main Canaanite tribes that were inhabitants of the Land of Canaan since their first arrival there. The theory is this. At times of peace and prosperity, the main body of the Canaanite people cultivated the land and built towns and cities in the fertile plains, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and in the inland valleys crossing the country from east to west and known by the same names then and now; the two best known such names are the Jezreel Valley and the Vale of Dotan.

In times of drought, or when the country was run over by one or more of the powerful people surrounding the Land of Canaan, the cities would lie in waste and the people would resort temporarily to basic farming and semi nomadic life. The Israelite tribes, on the other hand, settled the hilly, fairly barren center of country, leading a regular basic farming and flock tending life, while when times were hard they would go back to full nomadic way of life.

Here is a time table illustrating the fluctuations in the life of the people of Canaan:

Early Bronze – 3500 to 2200 BCE – first wave, 100 sites, Canaanite cities existing; Semite people – 4th mill BC = 6th mill BP (Bronze) – Canaanites = North Western

Intermediate Bronze – 2200 to 2000 BCE – crisis, empty;

Mid Bronze – 2000 to 1550 BCE – return, 220 sites;

Late Bronze – 1550 to 1150 BCE – crisis, 25 sites;

Iron I – 1150 to 900 BCE – third wave, 250 sites, Israelites;

Iron II – 900 to 586 BCE – Kingdoms of Israel and Judea, 500 sites.

That hilly country, which is said to be inhabited by those early Israelites is full of ancient place names, which have been preserved in their current Arabic names. Such are, for instance, Geba (Arabic) – Giv'on, or Geva of the land of Benjamin (Biblical Hebrew); Anatha – Anathoth; Jaljulia – Gilgal; Beit Jala – Gilo, and so on. It is possible to add to these the names of the three major cities in that area, which are Shekhem – Jacob's center of activity (the Arabs call it Nablus, a derogated form of Nea Polis = New Town, so called by the Romans); Beit Lehem – King David's birth place; and Hebron – where Abraham buried his wife, Sara. It is not difficult to reach the conclusion that that hilly area was indeed settled by the early Israelites in the Land of Canaan.

***

One of the strongest connections between the people of Canaan and the people of Israel is their religious worship. The name Israel, or Isra'el, was presented in the Old Testament to mean "Rule over 'El", or God, referring to Jacob's fighting against an angel and overcoming him. This interpretation is false according to the linguistic understanding of such name; the actual meaning of the name must be "'El rules". The name 'El is derived from the Hebrew/Semitic root 'll, which means "power". (The apostrophe denotes the Hebrew letter א, what is called in linguistics "a glottal stop"; it is a consonant, like all Hebrew letters, but has no parallel in European languages. 'El was the Canaanite chief god, father of all the other gods except his goddess consort Atherath (or Ashera in Hebrew). That appellation had such a powerful influence over the Israelites that, with the advent of monotheism among the Israelites, was taken over to refer to the one and only God of Israel (though sometimes it was enlarged to its plural appearing in God's name 'Elohim).

Two other important Canaanite deities are mentioned in The Old Testament as being highly regarded and worshipped by the Israelites, and severely frowned on by the prophets: One was Baal, El's son and god of precipitations fertility; his name appears in many place names like Baal Gad (Gad was one of the tribes of Israel, but the word also means "luck"); Baal Hatsor, Baal Ma'on, and others.

The other deity was Ashera, mentioned above as El's consort called Athirath in Canaanite, goddess of Nature and plenty; the essence of her name appears in the name of one of the tribes of Israel, Asher.

It may be reasonably assumed, then, that being a part of the Canaanite people, the Israelites worshipped the same deities as that nation as a whole.

III

The Biblical story, whether historical, symbolic or didactic, as understood now by most scholars, tells that after the kingdom of Solomon, at the time of his son Rehov'am, the kingdom was split into two: the northern part, which included most of the Israelite tribes, was called Israel; the southern part, in which Yehudah was the main tribe, was called after its name. The Kingdom of Israel bordered on the rest of the Canaanite area, including its main cities of Tyre and Sidon, and the less important town by the name of Byblos (Geval in Hebrew or Canaanite), from which the name for the Bible was taken). Naturally, the Isralites continued to worship the gods of Canaan, with the main deities 'El, Baal and Ashera.

Still, in spite of the rift between them, connections were still maintained between the two kingdoms; sometimes they warred against each other, other times they formed alliances between them. For instance, it is told in Kings II, 8, 26 that the mother of Ahazyahu King of Yehudah, son of Yoram, was Athalya, daughter of Omri king of Israel. No wonder, then, that the Judeaen people, like their brethren in the Israelite section of the country, continued also to worship the Gods of Canaan.

In 722 BCE, the Israelite kingdom was run over and conquered by the Assyrians from Mesopotamia. They exiled some of the people, scattering them around the Middle East. To resettle their land, they brought people from other places, who were later called Samaritans, after the area of Shomron, or Samaria, where they have been living till this day.

***

The kingdom of Yehudah, called Judea by foreigners, was left alone for the Israelites to continue with their national lives. As with the name of Canaan, it is not quite clear whether the tribe of Yehuda took its name from that area, or the area is called after its main tribe. It is not clear when the inhabitants of this country started calling themselves after its name; what is know though, from II Kings 18, 26, is that in the 7th cent. BCE they were calling their language Yehudith (translated as the Jewish language). The word Yehudi, which is the Hebrew for Jew, first appears in the Bible in the Book of Esther (supposedly written between 460 and 340 BCE), as an appellation for Mordekhai, Esther's Jewish uncle.

Between the 8th and the 5th centuries, the inhabitants of Judea began preferring to worship one god over a family of deities. The original name of this god is spelled with four consonants without vowels, and thus unpronounceable, is YHWH; the origin and nature of this god is not clear, though there is an Arab tradition that recounts a marriage between Moses and an Arab woman who worshipped an austere desert-god named Yahu, from which the name of the Jewish god was taken (s. link). However, looking at the name of Yehudah and transliterating it with only consonants without vowels, the resulting word looks as YHWDH – only the consonant D shows a difference from the name of the god, whose origin may well be the name of the tribe itself.

As appears in various places in the Old Testament, though, this YHWH was often called by the old name for a general god as 'El, or its plural variant 'Elohim. In reading the Hebrew Bible, in order to overcome both the sacredness of the name YHWH and its being unpronounceable, another name has appeared in time, Adonai (= Master, parallel to the meaning of the Canaanite Baal), which refers only to the Jewsih god, unlike 'El which has come to mean "god" in general.

In the year 586 BCE, another Mesopotamian power – Babylon this time – ran over and conquered the the state of Yehudah. The first temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, King Zedkeyahu and most other dignitaries were taken into exile and the land was laid to waste. The people exiled were from now on called Yehudim – Jews. Some forty years later, Babylon fell to the Persians, who allowed the Jews to return to their land – Judea - and build a second temple in Jerusalem. In time, the country thrived, the second temple was built; the Persians fell to the Greeks under Alexander the Great, who visited Jerusalem and allowed the Jews to live peacefully on their land. A new kingdom was established and spread far beyond Judea, to include parts which used to be called Israel.

The Bible, a collection of various kinds of holy books, mostly in Hebrew and a few chapters in Aramaic, was finally signed toward the end of the 4th cent. BCE, and the road was open for its interpretations, later appearing in the vast literary work of the Talmud, which forms the essence of Jewish religion. Unlike the Old Testament, where the word YHWH is frequent, in the Talmud only El and Adonai are used.

After Greece came Rome and took over the country. As the people, well known for there stubbornness, objected to the new rule, the country was run over again and the people went into exile and spread all over the world. They were mostly called Jews, or a variant of that name by the different languages of the peoples they lived among; in some countries, though, they were called by the name of their language, Hebrew or Hebraic (in Russia, for instance). However, for themselves they were always the People of Israel, (עם ישראל), as much as they were the Jewish people. As to the land, which has long referred to in the Talmud as the Land of Israel (ארץ ישראל ), after destroying it and razing the temple's ruins to the ground, The Romans also obliterated (or tried to) its original name of Judea and called it Philistia, giving it the name of a people long gone from history.

In the second half of the 19th cent., with the European awakening of national feelings, European Jews were also caught up by such ideas and some of them decided to realize the 2000 years old aspiration to return to the Land of Israel. They settled in various places in the country, which under Turkish rule was sparsely inhabited and barely cultivated. Gradually, more Jews came to settle and build up the Land of Israel until, in 1947, by a decision of the United Nation, half of it was granted to them to form a new Jewish state, while the other half was given to its Arab inhabitants to form their own separate state. In 1948, the establishment of the new Jewish state was announced, and the name that was given to it was Israel, after the name of the people for some 4000 years.

To conclude this meandering linguistic history: The Israelites inhabiting the Land of Canaan, were a conglomerate group of tribes that separated from the Canaanites sometime between 1000 and 2000 years BCE. Sometime during the 1st millenium BCE they formed two kingdoms, Israel and Yehudah, or Judea. While the Israelite kingdom was destroyed in the 8th century BCE by outside forces, the kingdom of Yehudah continued until it was also destroyed in the 6th century. By that time, at least the name of their language had become known as Yehudith, and its exiled inhabitants were known as Yehudim, or Jews. These Jews, having scattered around the world, continued to regard themselves as one nation, called interchangeably both the Jewish people and the people of Israel. The Israelis, on the other hand, are the inhabitants of the new state of Israel; it must be noted, however, that not all Jews are Israelis, while not all Israelis are Jews.

Refs.:

Israel Finkelstein & N.A. Silverman: The Bible Unearthed, Hebrew version

W. F. Albright's – YHWH and the gods of Canaan

Links:

Canaan - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan

Arab tradition - http://www.bible.ca/islam/library/islam-quotes-landau.htm

About the Author

I am a writer and artist and I live in Israel. I studied Hebrew and English languages and literature and I hold a Master of Philosophy degree in literature from London University. I taught these subjects before before becoming a full time writer. I am interested in anthropology in general and in mythology in particular and I write accortdingly; but I am also interested in fantasy and science fiction and have written many stories and essays, some novellas and three books in that genre, many of which have been published in print and/or on the Net, both in Hebrew and English. My name can be found on the Internet through google and msn.

Canaanites, Israelites, Jews and Israelis

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